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Outliers By Malcolm Gladwell
Finished on Nov 19, 2009

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A Prisoner of Birth By Jeffrey Archer
Finished on Nov 30, 2008

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Chasing Harry Winston By Lauren Weisberger
Finished on Apr 28, 2009

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The Five People You Meet in Heaven
Finished in Jul 2005

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The Book Thief: (Readers Circle) By Markus Zusak
Finished on Nov 15, 2007

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The Innocent Man. By John Grisham
Finished on Mar 16, 2008

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Lonely Planet Slovenia By Steve Fallon
Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival By Daniel Jaffee
Reading since Dec 9, 2009

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An Inconvenient Truth: The Crisis of Global Warming By Al Gore
Finished on Sep 30, 2007

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Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking By Malcolm Gladwell
  • *** This comment contains spoilers! ***

    聽過Malcolm Gladwell的,可能是他另一本暢銷書Tipping Point。雖然我沒有看過,但他的這一本Blink卻引起我的興趣。躲在人的意識後,有不少決定做了,卻連自己也解釋不到。在高壓的情怳下或短時間內而作出的決定或反應,人是利用一樣叫Thin-Slicing的方法。

    "Thin slicing" refers to the ability of our unconscious to find patterns in situations and behavior based on very narrow slices of experience.

    頭一 ... (continue)

    聽過Malcolm Gladwell的,可能是他另一本暢銷書Tipping Point。雖然我沒有看過,但他的這一本Blink卻引起我的興趣。躲在人的意識後,有不少決定做了,卻連自己也解釋不到。在高壓的情怳下或短時間內而作出的決定或反應,人是利用一樣叫Thin-Slicing的方法。

    "Thin slicing" refers to the ability of our unconscious to find patterns in situations and behavior based on very narrow slices of experience.

    頭一個例子的背景是在California的J. Paul Getty Museum,賣家以高價出售了一塼希臘石像給此博物館。博物館經過多番科學鑑定証實是真品,但奈何不少世界級的專家望見石像的兩秒便覺得不妥。結果,石像確實是偽造品。那為何科學鑑定也出錯?又,為何專家兩秒便能確定?

    “Blink” is to convince you of a simple fact: decisions made very quickly can be every bit as good as decisions made cautiously and deliberately.

    要分析一對夫婦的婚姻是否健康,大家可能會認為需要長時間對他們了解和資料收集才能做到。但在心理學家John Gottman的研究中,只要分析兩夫婦一小時的對話,便能夠預測他們十五年後,是否還是夫婦;準確度達95%。將對話縮短至十五分鐘,準確度也達90%。這個世界一直告訴我們:有越多的資料參考,做出的決定會更好。但事實是否一定這樣呢?

    It was a lot easier to listen to the scientists and the lawyers, because the scientists and the lawyers could provide pages and pages of documentation supporting their conclusions.

    另一個有趣的測試叫 Implicit Association Test (IAT),參與者將一系列的名詞或照片決定歸立在左或右的分類內,亦要在非常快速下完成。想得太久的不會計算在結果內。其中一項是 Race IAT,連續幾個測試中,會顯示詞語及白或黑人的照片,按鍵盤的E或I鍵去選擇組別。組別大概是European American、African America,再來是Good、Bad,再來是European American OR Good、African American OR Bad,換個左右位是African American OR Good、European American OR Bad。作者試了幾次,結果也是”moderate automatic preference for whites”。這証明了作者是種族主意者?但他也是半個黑人來。那究竟測試說明什麼?我們對於種族和性別的態度是有兩個層次的:一是神志清醒的,我們選擇去相信的,故意引導我們的行為。 另一面便是IAT量度的:下意識。

    We don’t deliberately choose our unconscious attitudes… The giant computer that is our unconscious silently crunches all the data it can from the experiences that we’ve had, the people we’ve met, the lessons we’ve learned, the books we’ve read, the movies we’ve seen, and so on, and it forms an opinion. That’s what is coming out from IAT.

    Blink除了建立『下意識做的決定同樣有效』的論點外,還會解答何時可相信直覺,何時要當心。除此之外,其實我們的snap judgment和 first impression是可以被訓練和控制的。這亦解釋了為何有人能看見石像便知真假,有人能看網球手發球便能估計到會否出界云云。

    另外,作者認為現今太注重長篇大論式的,太少留意身邊最細微短暫瞬間的一刻。如果能停下來認真地處理下意識,將能改變事項如打仗的策略、商品的銷售、警察的訓練、見工面試方法等。所有小事加起來,將能令世界轉變得更好。

    全書280頁中運用了不少活生生的例子和研究結果作為引証,容易明白和引人入性。其中最有印象的是,四名警察在1999年的晚上在Bronx區連開41槍,擊斃了一名在自己屋外乘涼的黑人 Diallo。當然有不少人認為四名警察是出於種族歧視,但作者認為是一連串錯誤的決定開始。那一刻,他們已決定了一名半夜在屋外的人是可疑的,繼而Diallo回望他們的時侯,分辨不了是好奇還是厚顏。再下去是認為Diallo伸手進袋便是拔槍。最後中槍後掉下的,只是他和他的銀包。這例子正好顯示『快速知覺』(rapid cognition)有力之餘,也會有崩潰的時侯。

    我個人頗相信直覺,不是每事也能解釋得一清二楚的。亦同意人做出某一個決定,是根據以往和當前接收過的資訊,無論有或無意識的接收。在資訊充塞的年代,資訊每分每秒也在影響你的行為和態度。

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    Posted on Mar 10, 2009 | Add your feedback

Then We Came to the End: A Novel By Joshua Ferris
Freakonomics. A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden side of Everything  By Steven D. Levitt, Stephen J. Dubner
Finished on Dec 31, 2007

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Why Do Men Fall Asleep After Sex?: More Questions You'd Only Ask a Doctor After Your Third Whiskey Sour By Billy Md Goldberg, Mark Leyner
Finished in Jan 2007

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Air Babylon By Imogen Edwards-Jones
Finished on Mar 7, 2009

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Man's Search for Meaning By Viktor E. Frankl
Finished in Mar 2007

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Not Quite the Diplomat By Christopher Patten
Frommer's Croatia: (Frommer's Complete) By Sanja Bazulic Olson, Karen Torme Olson
Working With You is Killing Me: Freeing Yourself from Emotional Traps at Work By Kathi Elster, Katherine Crowley
The Double By Jose Saramago
Never Hit a Jellyfish With a Spade: How to Survive Life's Smaller Challenges By Guy Browning
Finished on Apr 25, 2009

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Why Do Men Have Nipples?: Hundreds of Questions You'd Only Ask a Doctor After Your Third Martini By Billy Goldberg, Mark Leyner
Finished in Jan 2006

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Writing for Business: (Penguin Writers' Guides) By Chris Shevlin
Finished in Jan 2007

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The Street Lawyer By John Grisham
Finished in Jul 2007

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The Shadow of the Wind By Carlos Ruiz Zafon
Finished on Aug 29, 2007

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Leadership By Rudolph W. Giuliani
Finished in Jan 2006

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The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time By Mark Haddon
Finished in Jun 2005

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How Would You Move Mount Fuji?: Microsoft's Cult of the Puzzle -- How the World's Smartest Companies Select the Most Creative Thinke… By William Poundstone
Finished in Jan 2006

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Dilbert and the Way of the Weasel By Scott Adams
The Murder of Roger Ackroyd By Agatha Christie
Finished in Oct 2005

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Henry V: (Miniature classics) By William Shakespeare
Elephants Can Remember By Agatha Christie
Finished on Mar 18, 2009

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Hallowe'En Party By Agatha Christie
Finished in Jun 2007

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After the funeral
Finished on Dec 27, 2008

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Postern of Fate
Nemesis By Agatha Christie
Finished in Feb 2007

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Blindness: (Harvest Book) By Jose Saramago
Finished in Nov 2006

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The Reader By Bernhard Schlink
Finished on Jul 4, 2009

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The Little Prince: (Wordsworth Collection) By Antoine de Saint-Exupery
  • 聽過小王子的大名,見過不少他的商品,但卻對他的故事一無所知;除了知道有朵騙他的玫瑰。在英國以GBP2.0(約HKD22)買了一本,本以為是個像依索預言般的道理故事,卻原來是淡淡地說著小王子外訪別個星球的原因和遇見的人物和事。小王子眼中看百般費解的外星人世界,從而滲出淡淡的、需要咀嚼領悟的道理。看罷此書,有股揮之不去的愁意。。。

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    Posted on Mar 9, 2009 | Add your feedback

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